Análisis cepstral de la voz normal y patológica en español colombiano mediante el uso del programa PRAAT / Cepstral analysis of normal and pathological voice in Colombian Spanish using the PRAAT program

Introducción: las medidas auditivo-perceptuales subjetivas GRABS (Grade [grado de gravedad], Roughness [aspereza], Asthenia [astenia], Breathiness [soplosidad] y Strain [tensión] y CAPE-V (Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice) han sido el estándar de oro en evaluar la voz. La prominencia del pico cepstral suavizado (CPPS) se impone como la medida acústica objetiva más robusta para evaluar la gravedad de la disfonía. Se evaluó el análisis cepstral del programa PRAAT en pacientes con voz patológica y no patológica en hablantes de español colombiano y los valores estándar para el CPPS en lenguaje conectado (CPPSc), comparado con el análisis perceptual de la voz (GRBAS). Métodos: estudio observacional y analítico de prueba diagnóstica, de corte transversal y multicéntrico, con 120 individuos. Se grabó la voz y se analizó el CPPSc con el programa PRAAT. Se aplicó la valoración auditiva-perceptual por dos evaluadores expertos para la escala GRBAS. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue 43,3 años, 64,2 % mujeres. La media del CPPSc en el grupo disfónico fue de 6,40 dB y en el grupo de normofónicos fue 8,54 dB con p=0,000. Sensibilidad de 83,6% y especificidad de 96,2 % para la voz patológica en los pacientes con valores de CPPSc menores a 7,38 dB. Hubo alta correlación del valor de CPPSc con la gravedad de la disfonía. Conclusiones: el valor del CPPSc mediante el programa PRAAT es una medida eficiente por su alta validez, bajo costo y fácil aplicación para evaluar objetivamente la disfonía y su gravedad.

Introduction: Subjective auditory-perceptual measurements, GRABS (Grade, Roughness, Asthenia, Breathiness y Strain) and CAPE-V (Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice) have been the gold standard in voice evaluation. Recently, the smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) has been imposed as the acoustic measurement, objective and more robust for dysphonia severity. Objectives: The cepstral analysis of the PRAAT program was evaluated in patients with a patho-logical and non-pathological voice in Colombian Spanish speakers and the standard values for the CPPS in connected language (CPPSc), compared with the perceptual analysis of the voice (GRBAS). Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sec-tional, multicenter diagnostic test was performed with 120 individuals. The voice was recorded and the CPPSc was analyzed with the PRAAT program. The auditory-perceptual assessment was applied by two expert evaluators for the GRBAS scale. Results: The average age was 43.3 ± 18.1 years, 64.2% were women. The mean CPPSc in the dysphonic group was 6.40 dB, while in the group of normophonic indi-viduals it was 8.54 dB, with significant differences between both groups (p=0.000). Sensitivity of 83.6% and specificity of 96.2%; for pathological voice was established in patients with CPPSc values less than 7.38 dB. A high correlation was found in the CPPSc value with the severity of dysphonia. Conclusions: The value of CPPSc through the Praat program is an efficient measure, due to its high validity, low cost and easy application to objectively evaluate dysphonia and its severity.

Espectroscopía visible y del infrarrojo cercano para el análisis de nutrientes en tejido vegetal de caña de azúcar para producción de panela

La espectroscopía de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) es una tecnología rápida, multiparamétrica, amigable con el ambiente, de bajo costo y gran exactitud, para el análisis de diversos componentes en alimentos, en suelo y en agricultura. El objetivo del presente estudio fue construir modelos de calibración NIRS, para la predicción de nutrientes en tejido vegetal de caña de azúcar, para producción de panela, cultivada en la región de la Hoya del río Suárez. Un total de 416 muestras de tejido fueron escaneadas en el segmento espectral Vis-NIR. El análisis quimiométrico, se realizó con el software WinISI V4.10, aplicando la regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales modificados, junto a una validación cruzada. Se evaluaron cuatro modelos con diferentes tratamientos matemáticos y el rendimiento de las calibraciones, se hizo por medio de la validación externa, analizando las medidas de bondad de ajuste, como el coeficiente de determinación de la predicción, el error estándar de la predicción ajustado por el sesgo y la desviación predictiva residual. Los resultados muestran que el modelo de calibración para N presentó el mayor poder predictivo. Para macronutrientes, las calibraciones, con mayor poder predictivo, fueron P y K y para micronutrientes, el modelo para B, mientras que para Cu presentó el más bajo poder predictivo. Se encontraron modelos adecuados para la predicción de los contenidos de N, Ca y P; para los demás nutrientes, se recomienda ampliar el conjunto de calibración.

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, multiparametric, environmentally friendly, low-cost, and highly accurate technology for the analysis of components in food, soil, and agriculture. The purpose of this study was to generate NIRS calibration models for the prediction of nutrients in plant tissue of sugarcane to panela production cultivated in the Hoya del Río Suárez region. A total of 416 tissue samples were scanned in Vis-NIR spectral segment. Chemometric analysis was performed with the WinISI V4.10 software applying modified partial least squares regression with cross-validation. Four models with different mathematical treatments were evaluated, and the performance of calibrations was made through external validation analyzing the goodness-of-fit measures as prediction determination coefficient, standard error of the bias-adjusted prediction, and residual predictive deviation. The results showed that the calibration model for N had the highest predictive power. For macronutrients, the calibrations with the best predictive power were for P and K, and micronutrients for B, while Cu presented the lowest predictive power. Adequate models were found for the prediction of N, Ca, and P. In the case of the other nutrients, it is recommended to expand the calibration set.

Effect of smart air cell mattress on sleep quality / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of smart air cell mattresses on sleep quality.Methods:Twenty healthy young people were enrolled as subjects, and each subject underwent a four-night polysomnographic monitoring experiment, including two nights each on a smart air cell mattress and a general mattress. The differences in sleep quality were compared by self-assessment of sleep quality, objective sleep indicators, and electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral analysis.Results:In the comparison between the smart air cell mattress and the general mattress, the differences in self-assessment of sleep quality and objective sleep indicators were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05), but the smart air cell mattress had a slight overall advantage. The relative power of EEG in the low-frequency band and the relative power of EEG in the high-frequency band were higher in the subjects with the smart air cell mattress. Conclusions:For the healthy young population, the smart air cell mattress can positively influence sleep quality to some extent, and the change in EEG relative power indicates an increase in sleep depth.

The Effect of Submaximal Incremental Running Test on Heart Rate Variability in University-level Male Football Athletes

@#Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of incremental running intensity on heart rate variability during recovery in university-level male football athletes. Methods: Twenty healthy males aged between 19-26 years old were randomly assigned to control (no running) and intervention (modified Bruce protocol running) groups. Analyses were performed at pre-exercise, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. The low-frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) in peak, absolute power and normalised unit (n.u.), as well as LF/HF ratio, were assessed. Results: Intervention group showed a reduced LF n.u. response (ES=1.69) whereas HF n.u. showed the opposite response (ES=1.51) at 24 h post-exercise. The intervention group showed a significant difference in the LF/HF ratio at 48 h post-exercise (p=0.002; ES=1.05). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that incremental type of exercise influence both sympathetic and parasympathetic response for at least 48 h post-exercise.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Some Pyrazolone Derivatives

A sequence of novel pyrazolone derivative was produced by the reaction of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (0.1 mol) and ethyl acetoacetate with benzaldehydes followed by hydrazine hydrate and finally treated with secondary amine and formaldehyde and the synthesized compounds were characterized by their physical properties (M.P and TLC) and UV, IR, 1HNMR, Mass spectroscopic studies respectively. The entire synthesized complex was tested for their anthelmintic, antimicrobialand haemostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains of bacteria and Eudrilus eugeniaand human venous blood. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized pyrazolone derivatives was assessed by agar cup method. All the synthesized complexes were screened for the antimicrobial, athelminticand haemostatic activity against some gram (+ve), Gram(-ve) organisms, Eudrilus eugeniaand human venous blood. The complexes exhibited reasonable to upright activity when compared with the standard one.

Increased sympathetic cardiac autonomic modulation after two consecutive tilt tests in women with polycystic ovary syndrome / Aumento da modulação autonômica cardíaca simpática após dois testes de inclinação consecutivos em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to analyze cardiac autonomic modulation via spectral and symbolic analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who were subjected to two consecutive tilt tests. Methods A total of 64 women were selected and divided into 2 groups: control (without PCOS), and PCOS. Concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol, homocysteine, sex hormone-binding globulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, fasting insulin, testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels, triglycerides, free androgen index (FAI), and homeostasis assessment model (HOMA-IR) were assessed. Cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated by spectral and symbolic analyses during two consecutive tilt tests (two moments) and supine moments before, between and after (three moments) the tilt tests. Results Women with PCOS had higher fasting insulin, HOMA-IR indexes, testosterone and FAI. Additionally, we observed that the PCOS group had greater sympathetic autonomic cardiac modulation in supine 2, tilt 1, and supine 3 moments compared with controls. Conclusion Women with PCOS had higher autonomic sympathetic cardiac modulation even after a second tilt test. No adaptation to this provocative test was observed. Spectral analysis was more sensitive for identifying differences between groups than the symbolic analysis.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a modulação autonômica cardíaca por análise espectral e simbólica da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) que foram submetidas a dois testes consecutivos de inclinação. Métodos Um total de 64 mulheres foram selecionadas e divididas em 2 grupos: controle (sem SOP) e SOP. Concentrações de hormônio folículo-estimulante, hormônio luteinizante, prolactina, estradiol, homocisteína, globulina de ligação a hormônios sexuais, hormônio estimulante da tireóide, insulina em jejum, testosterona e androstenediona e níveis de 17-hidroxiprogesterona, triglicerídeos, índice de andrógeno livre (FAI) e homeostase modelo de avaliação (HOMA-IR) foram avaliados. A modulação autonômica cardíaca foi avaliada por análises espectrais e simbólicas durante dois testes de inclinação consecutivos (dois momentos) e momentos supinos antes, entre e após (três momentos) os testes de inclinação. Resultados Mulheres com SOP apresentaram insulina em jejuM, índices HOMA-IR, testosterona e FAI mais altos. Além disso, observamos que o grupo PCOS apresentou maior modulação cardíaca autonômica simpática nos momentos supino 2, inclinado 1 e supino 3 em comparação aos controles. Conclusão Mulheres com SOP apresentaram modulação cardíaca simpática autonômica mais alta mesmo após um segundo teste de inclinação. Nenhuma adaptação a esse teste provocativo foi observada. A análise espectral foi mais sensível para identificar diferenças entre os grupos do que a análise simbólica.

Analyzing approaches to mathematic modeling of heart sounds

The article introduces the findings of the analysis of the existing approaches to the development of mathematical models of acoustic heart phenomena. The analysis of mathematical methods that can be used to model heart sounds has been performed with the use of reference signals from the 3M Open Library (Littmann Library) and a set of signals obtained by the authors during their previous scientific efforts. The analysis findings have allowed revealing the approaches and methods that are most suitable for developing the mathematical models of human phonocardiograms (normal and pathological) for further research efforts meant to develop methods to single out heart beats against the high level of interference and creating intervalograms to characterize the heart rate at the current moments of time. In addition to the generation of model phonocardiograms, the article reviews the methods to analyze model and real-life phonocardiograms with the assessment of an input from random and deterministic components.

Synthesis of new 2-{2,3-dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxin-6-yl[(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl]amino}-N-(un/substituted-phenyl)acetamides as α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and their in silico study

The aim of the present research work was to investigate the enzyme inhibitory potential of some new sulfonamides having benzodioxane and acetamide moieties. The synthesis was started by the reaction of N-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]-dioxin-6-amine (1) with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of 10% aqueous Na2CO3 to yield N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]-dioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (3), which was then reacted with 2-bromo-N-(un/substituted-phenyl)acetamides (6a-l) in DMF and lithium hydride as a base to afford various 2-{2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-N-(un/substituted-phenyl)acetamides (7a-l). All the synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR and 1H-NMR spectral data along with CHN analysis data. The enzyme inhibitory activities of these compounds were tested against a-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Most of the compounds exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against yeast a-glucosidase and weak against AChE. The in silico molecular docking results were also consistent with in vitro enzyme inhibition data.

Design of Dyson Flow Cytometry System / 中国医疗器械杂志

In order to meet the needs of the flow cytometry for the simultaneous analysis of multiple fluorescence wavelengths and small volume, the design method of flow cytometry spectrum analysis system is presented by analyzing the characteristics of Dyson structure. And according to the method, a flow cytometry spectrum analysis system is disigned with Dyson type.The system's spectral range is 400 nm to 800 nm, the defocused spot size is less than the pixel size 24μ mm, the ransfer function value is above 0.8 at the Nyquist cut-off frequency 21 lp/mm,the spectral resolution is less than 3 nm, and the overall size is 83.54 mm×85.60 mm.The system has good optical performance and small volume, which meets the needs of the flow cytometry fluorescence spectral analysis. The outstanding innovation of this system is the application of Dyson light splitting structure and EMCCD detector which is high speed and high sensitivity.

Development of Blood Flow and Oxygen Monitoring System for Mice Based on Laser Speckle and Spectrum / 中国医疗器械杂志

simultaneous monitoring of blood flow and changes of concentration of oxyhemoglobin (ΔHbO) in brain is a key important method for the research of cerebrovascular disease. In this study, a new monitoring system, combining laser speckle contrast imaging method and spectral analysis method, was proposed, which could be utilized to measure the cerebral blood flow and ΔHbO on mice during traumatic brain injury. The principle of the present system was studied and the hardware platform of the detection system was built. Then, user interface software and algorithms were implemented based on Labview and Matlab software. Finally, the performance of the present system was verified by the experiments.

Electroencephalographic Changes Induced by a Neurofeedback Training : A Preliminary Study in Primary Insomniac Patients / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders. Recent studies suggest that cognitive and physical arousal play an important role in the generation of primary insomnia. Studies have also shown that information processing disorders due to cortical hyperactivity might interfere with normal sleep onset and sleep continuity. Therefore, focusing on central nervous system arousal and normalizing the information process have become current topics of interest. It has been well known that neurofeedback can reduce the brain hyperarousal by modulating patients' brain waves during a sequence of behavior therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of neurofeedback therapy on electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in patients with primary insomnia. METHODS: Thirteen subjects who met the criteria for an insomnia diagnosis and 14 control subjects who were matched on sex and age were included. Neurofeedback and sham treatments were performed in a random order for 30 minutes, respectively. EEG spectral power analyses were performed to quantify effects of the neurofeedback therapy on brain wave forms. RESULTS: In patients with primary insomnia, relative spectral theta and sigma power during a therapeutic neurofeedback session were significantly lower than during a sham session (13.9 ± 2.6 vs. 12.2 ± 3.8 and 3.6 ± 0.9 vs. 3.2 ± 1.0 in %, respectively; p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in other EEG spectral bands. CONCLUSION: For the first time in Korea, EEG spectral power in the theta band was found to increase when a neurofeedback session was applied to patients with insomnia. This outcome might provide some insight into new interventions for improving sleep onset. However, the treatment response of insomniacs was not precisely evaluated due to limitations of the current pilot study, which requires follow-up studies with larger samples in the future.

Dual deep neural network-based classifiers to detect experimental seizures

Manually reviewing electroencephalograms (EEGs) is labor-intensive and demands automated seizure detection systems. To construct an efficient and robust event detector for experimental seizures from continuous EEG monitoring, we combined spectral analysis and deep neural networks. A deep neural network was trained to discriminate periodograms of 5-sec EEG segments from annotated convulsive seizures and the pre- and post-EEG segments. To use the entire EEG for training, a second network was trained with non-seizure EEGs that were misclassified as seizures by the first network. By sequentially applying the dual deep neural networks and simple pre- and post-processing, our autodetector identified all seizure events in 4,272 h of test EEG traces, with only 6 false positive events, corresponding to 100% sensitivity and 98% positive predictive value. Moreover, with pre-processing to reduce the computational burden, scanning and classifying 8,977 h of training and test EEG datasets took only 2.28 h with a personal computer. These results demonstrate that combining a basic feature extractor with dual deep neural networks and rule-based pre- and post-processing can detect convulsive seizures with great accuracy and low computational burden, highlighting the feasibility of our automated seizure detection algorithm.

Synthesis Of Novel Heterocyclic Quinolone Compound For Anti -tubercular Activity

In last few decades, though significant progress has been made in the treatment and control strategies of tubercular infections by introducing new diagnostic and monitoring tools and combination therapy, it still continues to be se-vere problem. The need of study was only because of there are many drugs in market to treat infection but most of the drugs are showing resistance because of the same it is difficult to treat the infection. In this study we chosen quinolone nucleus for study and over it. Thus with the aim of developing novel molecule with improved potency for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv strain infections and with decreased probability of developing drug re-sistance. Methodology:The synthesis of Quinolone derivatives, starting from substituted aniline and ethyl acetoace-tate, by conventional organic reaction and results of investigations of their anti-mycobacterial activity.Results: MICs of the synthesized compounds are compared with existing drugs Cytotoxicity. The substituted quinolones are synthe-sized by taking mixture of7-substituted-2-(3-chloro-2-oxopropyl) quinolin-4(1H)-one and different secondary amines. Many compounds have shown promising activity while some were inactive. Conclusion:It was found that Compound A1,A3,B1,B3,have shown promising anti tubercular activity whereas compound A2, A4,B2,B4were showing moderate anti tubercular activity against std. Streptomycin.

Mean scatterer space estimation from ultrasound signals combining singular spectral analysis and entropy

AbstractIntroduction: Ultrasound (US) is a nonionizing radiation capable of real time imaging at low cost. Its most attractive application is quantitative tissue characterization with the objective of differentiating normal tissues from diseased tissues. In this study, an automated method using singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to estimate the mean scatterer space (MSS) of US signals is proposed. Methods Entropy was used to determine the optimal number of components for the SSA. Subsequently, this number was compared with the results using a fixed number of components. A method based on the spectrum of the original signal was also used for comparison. The method was evaluated by using 24,000 simulated US signals, i.e., echoes and jitters backscattered from samples with different ratios of regular-to-irregular structure, as well as with 152 signals obtained from a phantom made of nylon wires. Results For the simulated signals, the proposed method for estimating the MSS presented results similar to the other methods that were tested. However, the magnitude-of-the-spectrum method loses the phase information, and hence, does not allow the characterization of irregular structures. For the signals recorded from the phantom, the methods using SSA and entropy achieved better results. Conclusion In this study, the combination of SSA with entropy to estimate the MSS of a periodic or quasi-periodic medium was proposed. The proposed method achieved similar or better results compared with two other methods found in the scientific literature. The novelty of the proposed method is the application of entropy as a quantitative criterion for selecting the SSA periodic components, allowing it to become independent of heuristic criteria.

Colon Cancer Detection Methods – A Review

Aim: Colon is one of the major constituent of the large intestine; occurrence of cancer in it is one of the burning issues that remain unresolved. A large number of people get died every year in this problem. Study Design: In the field of medical image processing the detection of Colon cancer is a big challenge. So far, many research works are proposed, however, no research and investigations are found to bring up the best technique to assess the disease. Place and Duration of Study: Several strategies, in view of the spatial analysis of colon biopsy images, and serum and gene analysis of colon samples, have been proposed in such manner. Methods: Quick advancement of colon cancer detection methods, are yet to be analyzed by the help of this particular work which ensures to coming up with best strategies. Results: In this review, we arrange the procedures on the premise of the adopted system and basic data set, and give a detailed description of methods in every category. Also, this study gives a far extensive examination of different colon cancer detection categories, and of multiple procedures inside every category. Conclusions: Further, the majority of the procedures have been assessed on comparative data set to give a reasonable performance correlation. Ultimately this review can helpful for the researches to proceed their research in the field of colon cancer detection.

Predicting Working Memory Capacity in Older Subjects Using Quantitative Electroencephalography

OBJECTIVE: We utilized a spectral and network analysis technique with an integrated support vector classification algorithm for the automated detection of cognitive capacity using resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. METHODS: An eyes-closed resting EEG was recorded in 158 older subjects, and spectral EEG parameters in seven frequency bands, as well as functional brain network parameters were, calculated. In the feature extraction stage, the statistical power of the spectral and network parameters was calculated for the low-, moderate-, and high-performance groups. Afterward, the highly-powered features were selected as input into a support vector machine classifier with two discrete outputs: low- or high-performance groups. The classifier was then trained using a training set and the performance of the classification process was evaluated using a test set. RESULTS: The performance of the Support Vector Machine was evaluated using a 5-fold cross-validation and area under the curve values of 70.15% and 74.06% were achieved for the letter numbering task and the spatial span task. CONCLUSION: In this study, reliable results for classification accuracy and specificity were achieved. These findings provide an example of a novel method for parameter analysis, feature extraction, training, and testing the cognitive function of elderly subjects based on a quantitative EEG signal.

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by two bacterial and fungal strains, Bacillus cereus and Fusarium oxysporum, and assessment and comparison of their nanotoxicity in vitro by direct and indirect assays

Background: Although nanoparticles (NPs) have many advantages, it has been proved that they may be absorbed by and have toxic effects on the human body. Recent research has tried to evaluate and compare the nanotoxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) produced by two types of microorganisms in vitro by two different methods. AuNPs were produced by Bacillus cereus and Fusarium oxysporum, and their production was confirmed by visible spectral, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The human fibroblast cell line CIRC-HLF was treated with AuNPs, and the induced nanotoxicity was measured using direct microscopic and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Results: The results showed that the produced AuNPs had a maximum absorbance peak around 510­530 nanometer (nm), with spherical, hexagonal, and octagonal shapes and average sizes around 20­50 nm. The XRD results confirmed the presence of GNPs in the microbial culture supernatants. An MTT assay showed that GNPs had dose-dependent toxic effects, and microscopic analysis showed that GNPs induced cell abnormalities in doses lower than the determined half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s). Conclusions: In conclusion, the biologically produced AuNPs had toxic effects in the cell culture, and direct techniques such as microscopic evaluation instead of indirect methods such as MTT assay were more useful for assessing the nanotoxicity of the biologically produced AuNPs. Thus, the use of only MTT assay for nanotoxicity evaluation of AuNPs is not desirable.

The changes of EEG signals during resting state in adolescents with smoking addiction / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To observe the changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal during the resting state in adolescents with smoking addiction.Methods Spectral analysis during the resting state was used to observe and analyze the EEG signals between adolescents with smoking addiction (n=21) and nosmoking control group (n=21) by using Brain Vision Analyzer software.Results Compared with the nosmoking control group,adolescents with smoking addiction showed increased alpha band signals in 3 brain regions (including left-anterior,right-anterior and midline-anterior regions,P＜0.05),and decreased delta band signals in 3 brain regions (including right-posterior,midline-anterior and midline-posterior regions,P＜0.05).Moreover,the signals in these brain regions were positively correlated with pack-years (alpha band:left-anterior(r=0.648,P=0.003),right-anterior (r=0.629,P=0.004),midline-anterior (r=0.456,P=0.043);delta band:right-posterior (r=0.602,P =0.005),midline-anterior (r =0.533,P=0.019),midline-posterior (r=0.692,P=0.001))in adolescents with smoking addiction.Conclusion The changes of EEG signals during the resting state in adolescents with smoking addiction may be associated with cumulative effects of smoking.

Characteristics of electroencephalogram signatures in sedated patients induced by various anesthetic agents

Devices that monitor the depth of hypnosis based on the electroencephalogram (EEG) have long been commercialized, and clinicians use these to titrate the dosage of hypnotic agents. However, these have not yet been accepted as standard monitoring devices for anesthesiology. The primary reason is that the use of these monitoring devices does not completely prevent awareness during surgery, and the development of these devices has not taken into account the neurophysiological mechanisms of hypnotic agents, thus making it possible to show different levels of unconsciousness in the same brain status. An alternative is to monitor EEGs that are not signal processed with numerical values presented by these monitoring devices. Several studies have reported that power spectral analysis alone can distinguish the effects of different hypnotic agents on consciousness changes. This paper introduces the basic concept of power spectral analysis and introduces the EEG characteristics of various hypnotic agents that are used in sedation.

Spectral Analysis of Polysomnography in Narcolepsy

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify differences between people with narcolepsy and the normal control of delta and theta activity using electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum analysis of nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). METHODS: Seven narcolepsy patients and seven age-sex matched normal controls underwent PSG and multiple sleep latency tests. Participants' non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEGs in PSG was analyzed using a Fast Fourier Transform technique. RESULTS: While NREM delta activity of people with narcolepsy declined during the first three periods of NREM, there was no change during the 4th period of NREM. The increase in NREM theta activity also lasted until the 3rd period of NREM but did not occur during the 4th period of NREM. In comparing sleep parameters, REM sleep latency in the narcolepsy group was significantly shorter than in controls. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that people with narcolepsy are likely to have a delta and theta activity-related sleep disturbance mechanism in NREM sleep.